I a 



School 

Jg^ 



SCHOOL OUTLINES 

Embracing 

Definitions, Facts, and Queries 



in 



Physiologyt Geography. United States 
History. English Grammar. Civics. 

and Algebra 

by l(; 

Joseph P. Deibert, B. S., 

\\ 

PRINCIPAL OF THE SCHNECKSVILLE SUMMER NORMAL ; FORMERLY 

INSTRUCTOR IN ENGLISH BRANCHES, NORTHWESTERN 

UNIVERSITY, WATERTOWN, WIS. 



i,"wu Sopies liecwvtsu 

SEP Bl !90& 






•^ 



Copyright, 1905, 
By Joseph P. Deibert, 

SCHNECKSVILLE, PA. 



]r*REF^CE. 



For many years the " School Outlines" have been used in 
script form by scores of teachers and hundreds of pupils. 
The transcribing of extensive manuscripts requiring much 
precious time which could be more profitably devoted along 
the essential lines of school work, and the outlines having 
been thoroughly tested and with satisfactory results, the 
author feels himself justified in presenting them in printed 
form to the public. 

Among the features of the " School Outlines" will be 
recognized — 

1. Simple definitions of important terms. 

2. Suggestive topics designed to stimulate pupils to 
independent effort and to think for themselves, and to guide 
them along lines that are of primary interest and importance. 

3. Facts furnishing important information. 

4. Queries which will be found useful in the regular 
course of instruction, as well as for review purposes. 

Definitions and facts herewith presented should be 
thoroughly memorized. The use of the text-books is 
presupposed, and the topics given should be studied with 
care in all their bearings, that rich stores of related ideas 
and thoughts may be permanently associated therewith. 

The extensive use of these outlines in script encourages 
the hope that their appearance in type may have a warm 
welcome. May they now go forth on a mission of service to 
at least some of the multitudes in our schools ! 

August, 1905. 





Contents. 




I. 


Physiology. 


Page 5-13 


IL 


Geography. 


" 14-22 


III. 


History. 


'• 23-34 


IV. 


Grammar. 


" 35-38 


V. 


Civics. 


" 39-45 


VI. 


Algebra. 


46 



Physiology. 



4. Tissues. 



GENERAL TOPICS. 

1. State the difference (i) between organic and inor- 
ganic substances ; (2) between plants and animals. 

2. Define (i) anatomy, physiology, hygiene, cell, tissue, 
organ, function, system, apparatus ; (2) narcotic, stimulant, 
poison, protoplasm, alcohol, tobacco. 

fa. Head, neck. 

3. Parts of the body, i l. Trunk. { J; Abdomen. 

[c. Extremities. 

'a. Osseous. 
6. Adipose. 

c. Muscular. 

d. Connective. 

e. Epithelial. 
./. Nervous. 

BONES. 

n^.^^^^Xt-\ r a. Animal matter. 

1. Composition, j^^ Mineral. 

2. Give uses, structure, varieties, number, care. 

3. What are (i) periosteum. Haversian canals, lacunae, 
canaliculi, marrow ; (2) sutures, fontanelles, joint, gristle, 
ligaments ; (3) synovial fluid, frontal sinuses, fracture, sprain, 
dislocation ? 

(a. Fixed, (head, sacrum). 

4. Joints. -j r I. Ball and socket (shoulder, hip, thumb). 

is. Movable, j 2. Hinge (elbow, knee, fingers, toes). 
(3. Pivot (neck). 

5. Analysis of the skeleton. 

6. Diseases. — Necrosis, rickets, bow-legs, curvature of 
the spine, felon. 

MUSCLES. 
I. Explain their use and structure. 

{a. Origin. 
6. Body, 
c. Insertion. . 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 



With regard to action. 



3. Kinds of muscles.^ 



4- 



Names of important 
muscles. 



1. Voluntary. 

2. Involun- 
( tary. 

I f I. Spindle (extremities). 

I b. With regard! 2. Radiating (head). 
L to shape. ] 3. Pennif orm and bi- 
[ penniform (trunk). 
f a. Biceps (arm). 

b. Triceps (arm). 
I c. Deltoid (shoulder). 
] d. Pectoral (breast), 
e. Sartorius (thigh). 



/. Soleus (leg). 
g. Stapedius (ear). 
h. Latissimus Dorsi (back). 
i. Masseter (moves lower jaw). 
j. Temporal (moves lower jaw). 
k. The Recti (move the eye ball). 
J. Intercostals (move the ribs). 

5. What is a lever of the first class ? Second class ? 
Third class ? Where are they found in the body ? 

6. Discuss exercise with regard to importance, effect, 
amount, time, and kind. 

7. Define flexor, extensor, connective tissue, muscular 
sense, tendon, fatigue, exhaustion. 

8. Diseases. — St. Vitus's dance, convulsions, lockjaw, 
rheumatism, lumbago, gout, ganglion. 



(a. 



It produces fatty degeneration of 
the muscular fibers. 



9. UtteCtS or aiconoi. i j j^ causes less of muscular control by 



it? 



[ impairing the nervous system. 

FOOD AND DRINK. 

1. Define food. Name five classes. 
Why is a variety necessary ? 

2. Elements in the body. 

a. Organic 



Foodstuffs. 



Why do we need 



r^ 



b. Inorganic. -j ^' 



Albumens — lean 
meat, cheese, 
peas, beans. 
(a. Starche s — 
I grains, rice, 
I potatoes, tapi- 
-{ oca. 
b. Sugars, fruits, 
vegetables, 
honey, milk. 
I 3. Oils and fats — fat 
Salt. I of meat, eggs, but- 
Water. [ ter, milk. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 



Artificial 
drinks. 



4. Extra appetizers. —Salt, pepper, mustard, ginger, 
cinnamon, nutmeg, etc. 

Unfermented. f i. Tea. 

\ 2 . Coffee. 

f I. Malt liquors — beer, ale, por- 
! ter. 
\ 2. Wine. 

I 3. Distilled liquors — brandy, 
[b. Fermented. [. whisky, gin, rum. 

6. Define tlieine, caffeine, theo-bromine, wine, cider, 
brandy, whisky, rum, gin, malt. 

7. Discuss distillation, fermentation, vinous fermenta- 
tion, acetous fermentation, putrefactive fermentation. 

8. Is alcohol a food? Explain its relation to physical 
endurance. It boils at 170 °. 

9. Explain the cause of thirst for alcohol. Why do 
alcohol and tobacco often go hand in hand ? 

{a. It dries up food . 
b. It coagulates albumen. 
c. It hinders the action of the ferments. 



DIGESTION. 

1. Define (i) digestion, absorption, assimilation, ali- 
mentary canal, mucous membrane ; (2) serous membrane, epi- 
thelial cells, secretion, excretion, gland. 

2. Define (r) hunger, chyme, chyle, peritoneum, mes- 
entery ; (2) villi, valvulae conniventes, vermiform appendix, 
spleen, rennin ; (3) catarrh, peristalsis, pepsin, ptyalin. 

(a. Parotid. 
6. Submaxillary, 
c. Sublingual. 

4. Explain the process of mastication, swallowing, 
peristalsis. 

5. Discuss the action of saliva, gastric juice, bile, in- 
testinal juice, pancreatic juice. 

6. Explain the process of absorption by the lacteals 
and by the blood-vessels. 

7. Name the seven openings of the pharynx. 

8. Cooking softens the food, flavors it, coagulates the 
albumen, softens the fat cells, and bursts the starch grains. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 



9. Define appetite, taste, emulsion, saponification. 
Name the uses of fat. 

Discuss the work of the liver. 



10. 



II. 



a. Mouth. 
h. Throat. 

c. Pharynx. 

d. Esophagus. 

e. Cardia. 
/. Stomach. 

Alimentary canal. -j^r. Pylorus. 

ho Small intestines. 



1^ i. Large intestines. 



Duodenum. 

Jejunum. 

Ileum. 



1. Ascending 

colon. 

2. Transverse " 

3. Descending " 
L4. Rectum. 



a. Parts. 



12. Teeth. \ 



r. Enamel. 

2. Cement. 
I 3. Dentine. 
14. Pulp. 



l. Kinds. 



IS 

1,2 



mcisors. 
canine, 
bicuspids, 
molars . 



13. Give the anatomy, physiology, and hygiene of the 
stomach. 

14. Absorption by the lacteals. — Lacteals, receptacle of 
the chyle, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein, left innominate, 
superior vena cava, heart. 

15. Absorption by the blood vessels. —Capillaries of the 
stomach and intestines, portal vein, hepatic vein, inferior 
vena cava, heart. 

16. Diseases. — Dyspepsia, mumps, cirrhosis. 

' a. It irritates and congests the mucous 

membrane. 
b. It hardens the walls of the stomach, 
e. It hinders or prevents the action of 

the ferments. 

d. It lessens peristalsis by weakening 
the muscles. 

e. Alcohol producing stomach and in- 
testinal mdigestion, the liver is over- 
taxed and biliousness results. 

/. It wastes away and hardens the liver 
[ tissues. 



17. Bfiects of alcohol.-! 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 



BLOOD AND THE CIRCULATING SYSTEM. 

(a. Plasma. , j. , 

.. Blood. ]^:arit"^-whik 

[ d. Fibrine and other substances. 

2. Discuss coagulation. 

3. Explain the structure, function, parts, and valves of 
the heart. 

[a. Aorta (leads from the heart). 
6. Femoral (along the femur). 

c. Radial (along the radius). 

d. Carotid (neck). 

Important arteries. J t' ^"^^J'^''/^" ^""'^^'' *^^ clavicle). 
^ I /. Brachial (upper arm). 

g. Vertebral (front of vertebrae). 
h. Hepatic (liver). 
I i. Renal (kidney). 
Ij. Pulmonary (lungs). 

a. Superior vena cava (heart)- 

b. Inferior vena cava (heart). 

c. Jugular (neck). 

d. Portal vein (leads to liver). 

e. Hepaitc (leads from the liver). 
./. Pulmonary (leads from the lungs). 



5. Important veins. 



6. Follow the course of a drop of blood in one com- 
plete circulation. Right auricle, tricuspid valve, right ven- 
tricle, semi-lunar valves, pulmonary arteries, capillaries of 
the lungs, pulmonary veins, left auricle, mitral valve, left 
ventricle, semi-lunar valves, aorta and other arteries, capillar- 
ies, veins, heart. 

7. How fast does the heart beat ? How much blood is 
in the body? What does the pulse tell us? 

8. Explain the structure of arteries, capillaries, veins. 

9. Blood moves twelve inches in a second in the 
arteries, eight inches in the veins, one-thirtieth of an inch in 
the capillaries. 

10. The circulation of the blood was discovered by 
William Harvey in 16 19, and first published in 1628. 

11. Discuss (i) dropsy, fainting, anemia, congestion, 
hemo-globin; (2) lymph, lymph glands, lymphatics, vaso- 
motor nerves, varicose veins, transfusion. 



lO SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 

[a. It causes fatty degeneration of the 

I heart. 
T2 "PfTppts of alrohnl J ^- ^^ paralyzes the nerve centers that 
12. linectS or aiCOnoL ^ control the heart and regulate the 

j flow of blood through the arteries. 

[ c. It makes blood-vessels brittle. 

RESPIRATION. 

1. Air passage. — Nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, 
bronchi, bronchial tubes, pulmonary lobules, pulmonary 
vesicles. 

2. The breath is changed in what four ways ? 

3. Why should we breathe through the nose ? 

4. Explain how we breathe. 

5. Fires, decaying matters and living animals add to 
the carbonic acid gas. Plants add to the oxygen. 

6. We inhale about twenty cubic inches of air every 
breath. We take about eighteen inspirations in a minute. 
The capacity of the lungs is from 150 to 250 cubic inches. 

7. Discuss ventilation. 

8. Objects to be aimed at in ventilation. — a. Properly 
to diffuse the required amount of pure, fresh air. d. To 
remove the vitiated air. c. To moisten the air. d. To 
warm the air in winter. 

9. Poisonous effects of carbonic acid gas. — a. Lake 
Avernus in Italy, d. Valley of Poison in Java. c. Black 
hole in Calcutta, d. Crowded rooms. 

10. Define cilia, tidal air, stationary air, supplemental 
air, complemental air, glottis, epi-glottis, pleura. 

11. Define diaphragm, intercostal muscles, tonsils, 
adenoid vegetations, asphyxia, contagious diseases, infectious 
diseases, disinfectant. 

12. Discuss artificial respiration; resuscitation of the 
drowned. 

13. How is shortness of breath caused ? 

14. State the composition of air. 

15. Explain how sound is produced by the vocal cords. 

16. Diseases. — Asthma, hiccough, bronchitis, pleurisy, 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 



II 



pneumonia, consumption, asphyxia, diphtheria, croup 
17. Effects of alcohol 

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 

r r 



/ n. Tt produces congestion of the lungs. 
1 b. It enfeebles them. 



fa. Cerebro- 
spinal 

system. 



I. 



Divi- 
sions. 



Divisions. 
I. Brain. -{ b. Membranes. 



It 



I c. Weight- 
1^ ounces. 



-50 



Cerebrum. 
Cerebellum. 
Medulla. 
Dura Mater. 
Arachnoid. 
Pia Mater. 



f 8 cervical . 



I b. S y m p a- 
I thetic sys- 
[ tem. 



2. Spinal cord . 

3. Cranialnerves., ^ J , 
[4- Spinal nerves. -j^ lumbar, 
f I. Nerves. [6 sacral. 



2. Cranial nerves. 



1 2 . Ganglia . 

First pair, olfactory (nose). 

Second " optic (eyes). 

Third " motores oculorum (eye). 
iFourth " patheticus (eye). 
\Fifth " trigemini (face). 

Sixth " abducentes (eyes). 
/Seventh" portio dura (outside ear). 
V Eighth " portio mollis (inside ear). 

iNinth " glo sso-p h ar y ngea 1 (tongue, 

pharynx). 
[Tenth " pneumogastric (larynx, stomach, 
&c). 

Elev'th " spinal accessory (pharynx), 
i Twelfth" hypoglossal (tongue). 

3. Discuss (i) nerve-fibers, nerve-cells, motor nerves, 
sensory nerves, spinal nerves, cranial nerves ; (2) convolutions, 
spinal cord, reflex action, sleep ;(3) hemiplegia, paraplegia, 
the stages of drunkenness. 

4. Nervousness is caused by worry, excitement, lack of 
sleep, bad air, indigestible food, lack of exercise, and close 
rooms. 

!«. It hardens the brain. 
b. It produces congestion, 
c. It thickens its membranes. 

THE SKIN. 
I. The uses of the skin are to protect the body, to keep 
it warm, to regulate the heat of the body, and to give off 
waste matter. 



12 SCHOOI, OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 

2. Discuss (i) the cuticle, cutis, hair, nails, oil- 
glands, sweat-glands; (2) scar, blister, dandruff, callus, wart ; 
(3) proud flesh, goose-flesh, corn, hang-nail, epidermal cells, 
cosmetic, freckles ; (4) complexion, blonde, brunette, albino. 

3. Why are clothes worn in summer ? Why in winter ? 
Why is a frequent change of clothing necessary? What are 
the effects of wearing damp, wet clothing? Tight clothing? 

4. The body is protected from cold by fur, silk, wool, 
cotton, and linen in the order named. 

5. The temperature in a room should be about 70 °. 

6. The temperature of the living body is about 98^ ". 

7. What is a fever ? A chill ? 

TASTE. 

fa. Hypo-glossal. 
b. Glosso-pharyngeal. 
(a. Actual contact. 

2. Conditions of taste. ^ 

I h. Object must be soluble. 
(a. To distinguish between wholesome and un- 
I wholesome food. 

3. Uses of taste, -j ft. To excite the flow of the saliva and other 

secretions. 
_c. Pleasure. 

SMELL. 

I. The nerves of smell are called olfactory nerves. 

{a. To inform us of the quality of food. 
b. To warn us against foul air. 
c. Pleasure. 

TOUCH. 
Touch tells us whether bodies are hot or cold, wet or 
dry, rough or smooth. Describe the papillae. 

HEARING. 

niit«»r /^- External ear. 

a. wuier. ^^ External auditory canal, 
f (a. Hammer. 

b. Middle, -i^- Bones. I 6. Anvil. 



£aj._^o. Miaaie. (c. Stirrup. 

[2. Eustachian tube. 

fi. Vestibule. 
2. Semi-circular canals. 
3. Cochlea. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — PHYSIOLOGY. 1 3 

2. Uses of the ear. — To give tone, pitch, force, and direc- 
tion of sound vibrations. 

3. Explain the process of hearing. 

4. Discuss the care of the ear. 

5. Describe the auditory nerve, membrane of the tym- 
panum, ear-wax. 

6. Sensations of sound persist one-sixteenth of a second. 

SIGHT. 

1. Describe (i) the sclerotic, choroid, retina, cornea, 
iris, pupil ; (2) crystalline lens, aqueous humor, vitreous 
humor, ciliary muscles, optic nerve, meibomean glands ; (3) 
eye-lashes, tear-duct, tears, lachrymal gland, socket. 

f Superior rectus. 
} Inferior " 

2. Muscles of the eye. ] Extenll '' 

I Superior oblique. 
I Inferior " 

3. Discuss color-blindness, astigmatism, cataract. 

/\. Far sight is caused if the lens is too flat or the eye- 
ball too short, the rays of light thus being brought to a focus 
behind the retina. It can be remedied by wearing spectacles 
having convex glasses. 

5. Near sight is caused if the lens is too thick or the 
eyeball too long, the rays of light being brought to a focus 
in front of the retina. This can be remedied by wearing 
spectacles with concave glasses. 

6. Sensations of sight persist one-tenth of a second. 

^ FfFprfc nf nlrnhol i «■ It causes congestion. 

7. l^ttectS Ot aiconoi. <?,. it enfeebles sight. 



Geography. 



SUGGESTIVE TOPICS AND QUESTIONS. 

1. Define (r) geography, natural or physical geograph}-, 
mathematical or astronomical geography, political geography; 
(2) planet, moon, orbit, sphere, diameter, axis ; (3) poles, 
circle, circumference, great circle, small circle, circle of 
illumination ; (4) meridian circle, meridian, prime meridian, 
parallels, latitude, longitude ; (5) zone, mathematical zone, 
physical zone, isothermal lines ; (6) line of invariable tempera- 
ture, snow-line, timber-line, compass, cardinal points. 

2. Discuss the rotation and the revolution of the earth, 
the change of seasons, the cause of day and night. 

3. Name the continents and grand divisions. 

4. Define (i) continent, island, oceanic island, conti- 
nental island, coast line, coast ; (2) peninsula, isthmus, cape, 
promontory, mountain, hill ; (3) plain, plateau, mesa, range, 
chain, system ; (4) highland, lowland, peak, gap, canyon ; 
(5) sierra, divide, relief, valley, longitudinal valley, transverse 
valley ; (6) volcano, active volcano, extinct volcano, crater. 

5. Define (i) ocean, sea, gulf or bay, fiord, estuary ; 
(2) bight, harbor, strait, channel, sound, lake ; (3) steppe lake, 
lagoon, river, creek, tributary ; (4) source, mouth, channel, 
system, basin, delta. 

6. Define bar, rapids, cascade, cataract, sediment, 
peneplain, flood-plain. 

7. Discuss erosion, weathering, transportation, corrasion. 

8. Define (i) waves, breakers, tides, flood tide, ebb tide, 
spring tide, neap tide ; (2) currents, beach, barrier beach, 
sand bar, bank. 

9. Discuss springs, mineral springs, thermal springs, 
geysers, caves. 

10. What are weather, thermometer, barometer, evapo- 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — GEOGRAPHY. 1 5 

ration, condensation ? 

ir. What is climate? How is it modified? Define 
continental climate; oceanic climate. 

12. Define glacier; avalanche, moraine, iceberg. 

13. Define dew, fog, cloud, rain, snow, frost, hail, sleet, 
dew-point. 

14. Classify people with respect to their social condition. 

15. Name the races of mankind and give their char- 
acteristics and abode. 

16. Name and define the chief religions of the world. 

17. Classify the countries of the world with respect to 
government, 

18. Name the colonial possessions of each country. 

19. Name and discuss the principal industries of man- 
kind. 

20. Define commerce, foreign commerce, domestic 
com merce. 

21. Define republic, democracy, monarchy, limited 
monarchy, absolute monarchy, kingdom, empire, aristocracy, 
city, town. 

22. What meridian circle divides the earth into eastern 
and western hemispheres? 

23. Discuss standard time. 

24. What is the international date-line ? 

25. Name the five largest cities of the world ; of Europe ; 
of the United States ; of Pennsylvania. 

26. Name the longest river in each grand division. 
How long is each ? 

27. Name the highest mountain in each grand division. 
How high is each ? 

28. Name the capitals of the world. 

29. Name the metropolises of the United States. 

30. Name counties and county-seats of Pennsylvania. 

31. What meridians mark the eastern and western 
extremities of Pennsylvania ? Of the United States ? 



1 6 SCHOOL OUTLINES— GEOGRAPHY. 

32. What parallels mark the northern and southern 
extremities of Pennsylvania? Of the United States ? 

33. Through what States does the 40° parallel pass ? 
Through what foreign countries ? 

34. Through what countries does the Arctic Circle 
pass? The Tropic of Cancer ? The Equator? The Tropic 
of Capricorn ? 

35. What are the area and population of the county in 
which you reside ? Name its townships ; its boroughs. 
Name its principal railroads, products, and industries. 

United States. 

MAINE. 

It excels in shipbuilding, lumber trade, fisheries, and 
harvesting of ice. It has more than 1500 lakes. It is noted 
for good harbors. Bangor, lumber market.. Rockland, liuie. 
Portland, foreign commerce. Bath, shipbuilding, Kittery, 
fine navy-yard. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

It has beautiful lakes, grand mountain scenery, low 
coast. Mt. Washington, 6288 feet high. Concord, coaches, 
wagons. Manchester and Nashua, cotton and woolen goods. 
Portsmouth, chief seaport. 

VERMONT. 

It ranks first in the production of maple sugar and 
marble. The chief employment is agriculture and rearing 
of thorough-bred stock. " Burlington, lumber market. Rut- 
land, marble quarries. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

It ranks first in the value of cotton and woolen goods, 
leather goods, fisheries, granite. Hoosac tunnel is nearly 
five miles long. Boston, second city in foreign commerce, 
largest market for leather goods, centre of learning. Lowell, 
lyawrence, Fall River, cotton goods. Salem, tanneries. 
Worcester, railroad centre. Cambridge, Harvard University. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — GEOGRAPHY. 1 7 

CONNECTICUT. 

It is noted for the manufacture of pins, clocks, cutlery, 
and watches. Waterbury, watches. Hartford, insurance 
business. Bridgeport, sewing-machines. New Haven, chief 
railway center, seat of Yale College. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

It is the most densely populated state. Providence 
makes most of the jewelry used in the United States, and is 
the seat of Brown University. Newport, summer resort, 
Round Tower. 

NEW YORK. 

It is foremost in commerce, wealth, manufactures, and 
population. Butter, eggs, hay, fruits, and vegetables are 
among the more important farm products. New York ranks 
first in population and foreign commerce. It is the seat of 
Columbia University. Albany, grain depot, eastern termi- 
nus of the Erie Canal, Buffalo, grain, cattle, coal depot, 
western terminus of the Erie Canal. Mohawk Valley, broom- 
corn. Syracuse, salt works. West Point, United States 
Military Academy. Saratoga, mineral springs. The Pali- 
sades are along the Hudson River. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Area, 45000 square miles. Population, 6,300,000. 
Greatest width, 177 miles. Greatest length, 303 miles. 
Largest cities, — Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Allegheny, Scran- 
ton, and Reading. It surpasses all other states in making 
iron and steel, and in the production of coal, petroleum, slate, 
and limestone. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania University, medi- 
cal schools, manufacturing and commercial center. Pitts- 
burg and Allegheny, iron, steel, plate-glass, Scranton and 
Wilkesbarre, anthracite coal. Reading, agricultural and 
manufacturing center. 

NEW JERSEY. 
It exceeds every other state in the production of cran- 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — GEOGRAPHY. 



berries. It has valuable zinc mines. Trenton, pottery. 
Paterson, greatest center for silk manufactures. Cape May, 
Atlantic City, Long Branch, and Ocean Grove are summer 
resorts. Princeton, Princeton University. 

DELAWARE. 

Dover and Newcastle, fruit canning. Wilmington, loco- 
motive and carbuilding works, gunpowder, steel, iron steam- 
ships. 

MARYLAND. 

The Chesapeake Bay contains the most productive 
oyster fisheries in the world, and abounds in fish and water- 
fowl. Annapolis, United States Naval Academy. Balti- 
more, Johns Hopkins University, great foreign commerce, 
tobacco, canned fruits, oysters. 

VIRGINIA. 

It produces much tobacco. The Natural Bridge is in 
this state. Richmond, manufacturing and railroad center, 
tobacco market. Norfolk, United States navy-yard. 
WEST VIRGINIA. 

It contains large deposits of coal, salt, petroleum, natural 
gas. Wheeling, iron, steel, wire nails, granite. Parkers- 
burg, petroleum refineries. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
The Albemarle Sound, fisheries. Raleigh, great cotton 
market. Wilmington, cotton market, naval stores. Ashe- 
ville, health resort. Mount Mitchell is 6,711 feet high. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
It ranks high in the production of rice. Charleston, 
good harbor, a noted cotton and rice market, and exports 
large quantities of phosphate rock. 

GEORGIA. 
It produces more peaches, watermelons, and naval stores 
than any other state. It is noted for "sea island" cotton. 



SCHOOI. OUTIJNKS — GEOGRAPHY. 1 9 

It is the leading manufacturing state of the South. Atlanta, 
important railroad center. Savannah, cotton market, naval 
stores. 

FLORIDA. 

It is nowhere more than 210 feet above the sea. It has 
a greater extent of sea coast than any other state. It is a 
winter resort for many invalids from the North. Keywest, 
tobacco manufactures, sponge fisheries. Jacksonville, winter 
resort. Pensacola, cotton port. 

ALABAMA. 

It is a leading state in the production of coal and iron. 
Mobile, cotton market. Birmingham, mining center. 

MISSISSIPPI. 
This is a leading cotton state. Vicksburg, principal 
cotton market. 

LOUISIANA. 
This state ranks first in the production of sugar cane 
and rice. New Orleans, immense foreign commerce, the 
largest sugar and cotton market in the United States. 

TEXAS. 
Texas ranks first in the production of cotton and live- 
stock. Dallas and San Antonio, leading commercial centers. 
Galveston, cotton port. 

OHIO. 
This state produces large quantities of wool, and raises 
many cattle and hogs. Cleveland, great lake trade. Cin- 
cinnati, river commerce, pork packing. 

INDIANA. 
It ranks high among the agricultural states. Indian- 
apolis, railway center, grain market, stock-yards. Fort 
Wayne, manufacturing center. 

ILLINOIS. 
It ranks first in the value of its live-stock, and has more 



20 SCHOOIv OUTI.INES — GEOGRAPHY. 

miles of railroad than any other equal area in the United 
States. Chicago is first in the world as a railroad center, 
as a grain, wheat, and pork market, and is noted for its 
university. 

KENTUCKY. 
It leads in the production of tobacco. Mammoth Cave. 
Louisville, most extensive tobacco market in the United 
States. 

TENNESSEE. 
Coal and iron mining is the chief industry in the high- 
lands. The midlands produce thorough-bred stock, hemp, 
and tobacco. The lowlands contain many cotton plantations. 
Memphis, cotton market. 

MICHIGAN. 
This state produces much iron ore, copper, lumber, and 
salt. Detroit has the finest harbor on the Great Uakes. Ann 
Arbor is the seat of Michigan University.. 

WISCONSIN. 
This state contains thousands of glacial lakes. INIil- 
waukee is next to Chicago the largest grain market. Osh- 
kosh and LaCrosse, lumber markets. 
MINNESOTA. 
It usually ranks first in the production of wheat. It is 
said to have nearly 10,000 lakes. St. Paul, lumber mills. 
Minneapolis, largest flour mills in the world. Duluth, east- 
ern terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad. 

IOWA. 
Iowa is a leading state in the production of oats, corn, 
hay, and hogs. Des Moines and Council Bluffs are important 
centers of trade and manufacture. 

MISSOURI. 
It ranks high in commerce, manufactures, and wealth. 
The richest zinc mines in the country are in this state. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — GEOGRAPHY. 21 

Kansas City, railroad center. Joplin, lead and zinc mining^ 
center. St. Louis, great railroad and manufacturing center. 

ARKANSAS. 

The principal products are corn, cotton, coal, and whet- 
stones. Eureka and Hot Springs are health resorts. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

The Red River valley contains immense wheat farms. 
Fargo and Grand Forks are wheat shipping centers. 

SOUTH DAKOTA. 
The Black Hills are noted for gold and silver. Sioux 
Falls, manufacturing center. Lead, mining center. 

NEBRASKA. 
The Bad Lands are in the northern part. Omaha, great 
grain market, eastern terminus of the Union Pacific Rail- 
road. 

KANSAS. 

It is a leading agricultural state. Cattle and sheep are 
raised in the western part, Kansas City has large meat pack- 
ing establishments. Topeka, railroad center. 

MONTANA. 

It ranks first in copper. The yield of gold and silver is 
large. It raises many cattle and sheep. Ft. Benton is at 
the head of navigation of the Missouri River. Helena, Butte, 
and Anaconda, mining centers, 

IDAHO. 

Stock raising and mining are the chief industries. 
Boise is in a mining and grazing district. 

WASHINGTON. 

The lumber mills on Puget Sound are the largest in the 
world. Lumbering and wheat raising are the chief pursuits. 
Seattle, lumber. Tacoma, lumber. Spokane, flour, lumber* 



22 SCHOOL OUTLINES — GEOGRAPHY. 

OREGON. 

The salmon fisheries of the Columbia River are the most 
productive known. It ranks high in the yield of wheat and 
fruit. Portland, foreign commerce. Astoria, salmon fishing. 

CALIFORNIA. 
In the yield of quicksilver it surpasses every other 
country in the world. It is a leading state in its lumber, 
wool, and fruit production. In this state aie the Yosemite 
Valley and the Big Trees. San Francisco, immense foreign 
commerce. San Jose, Fresno, and Los Angeles, fruit. 
Stockton, wool and wheat. Oakland, educational center. 
Mount Whitney is 14,898 feet high. 

NEVADA. 

Nevada has much arid land. Mining is the leading 
industry. 

WYOMING. 

Stock raising is the leading employment. The Yellow- 
stone National Park is in the northwestern part of the state. 
Cheyenne, cattle market. Rock Springs, mining center. 

UTAH. 
The Mormons form a large part of the population of 
Utah. Agriculture and mining are the chief pursuits. Salt 
Lake City, Mormon Temple. Ogden, railroad center. 

COLORADO. 

It ranks first in the production of gold, silver, and lead. 
Denver, railroad center. Pueblo and Leadville, mining. 
Colorado Springs, health resort. 



THE NATIVES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
The Cliff-Dwellers, the Mound-Builders ; the Indians of 
the North and East. Discuss their general characteristics, 
religion, moccasin, canoe, snow-shoe, wampum, wigwam, 
totem, calumet, squaw, pappoose, weapons. 

Discoveries and Explorations. 

SPANISH DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 

1492. Columbus discovered San Salvador, Cuba and Hayti. 

1493. Columbus discovered Jamaica and Porto Rico. 

1498. Columbus discovered South America at the mouth of 

the Orinoco River. 
1502. Columbus attempted to discover a passage from 

the Gulf of Mexico to the Indian Ocean. 
151 3. Ponce De Leon explored Florida. 
15 13. Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 

15 19. Magellan discovered the straits of Magellan and 
circumnavigated the globe. 

1520. D'Ayllon kidnaped Indians. 
1519-1521. Cortez conquered Mexico. 

1528. Narvaez explored some Southern States. 

1 539-1 542. De Soto explored some of the Southern 

States and discovered the Mississippi River. 
1542. Cabrillo explored the coast of California, Oregon, 

and Washington. 
1565. Menendez founded St. Augustine. 
1582. Espejo founded Santa Fe. 

ENGLISH DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 

1497. John Cabot discovered the continent of North 
America. 

1498. John and Sebastian Cabot explored the Atlantic coast. 



24 SCHOOL OUTLINES — HISTORY. 

1576. Frobisher tried to find a northwest passage to India. 

1578-1580. Drake sailed along the Pacific coast and cir- 
cumnavigated the globe. 

1 579-1583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted to found a 
colony. 

1584-1587. Raleigh twice attempted to found a colony in 
Virginia. 

1602. Gosnold discovered Cape Cod. 

1603. Pring explored the New England coast. 

1 604-1 605. Weymouth explored the New England coast. 

FRENCH DISCOVERERS AND EXPLORERS. 

1524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America. 

1534-1541. Cartier explored the Gulf and River St. Law- 
rence. 

1562. John Ribaut attempted to plant a Huguenot colony 
at Port Royal, South Carolina. 

1564. Laudonniere attempted to plant a Huguenot colony 
on the St. John's River, Florida. 

1567. DeGourges destroyed the Spaniards. 

1605. DeMonts founded Port Royal, Acadia. 

1608-1609. Champlain founded Quebec and discovered 
Lake Champlain. 

1673. Marquette explored the Mississippi River. 

1682. La Salle discovered the mouth of the Mississippi 
River. 

The Colonies. 

NEW YORK. 

1609. Henry Hudson sailed up the Hudson River. 

1614 

1626 

1633 
1638 

1647 

1664 



Settled at New York. 
Peter Minuits became governor. 
Van Twiller became governor. 
Kieft became governor. 
Stuyvesant became governor. 
Surrendered to the English. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — HISTORY. 25 

1673. Surrendered to the Dutch. 

1674. Surrendered to the English. 

1674. Andros became governor. 
Patroons. 

VIRGINIA. 

1606. First Charter. 

1607. Settlement at Jamestown. 
1609. Second Charter. 
1609-1610. Starving Time. 
i6i2. Third Charter. 

16 1 3. Marriage of Pocahontas. 

1615. Tobacco cultivated. 

1 61 9. First legislative assembly. 

161 9. Importation of slaves, 

1620. Importation of women. 

1 62 1. Cotton culture introduced. 

1622. First Indian massacre. 
1624. Became a royal province. 
1644. Second Indian massacre. 

1673. Virgina was granted to Lord Culpepper and the Duke 

of Arlington. 
1676. Bacon's Rebellion. 
Cavaliers. Puritans. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1620. Settled at Plymouth. 

162 1. Treaty with Massasoit. 
1628. Salem founded. 
1630. Boston founded. 

1634. Representative government established. 

I 636. Theological disputes. 

1643. Political confederacy. 

1652. First coinage of money. 

1656. Quaker troubles. 

1675. King Philip's War. 
1692. Salem witchcraft. 



26 SCHOOL OUTLINES — HISTORY. 

Harvard University. Separatists. 
John Eliot's work among the Indians. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

1682. Settled at Philadelphia. 

1684. Penn sailed to England. 

1692. Penn imprisoned. 

1694. Penn's rights restored. 

1 701. Penn gave them a new charter. 

1 718. Penn died. 

1 763-1 767. Mason and Dixon's Line. 

1779. Sold to the Commonwealth for $580,000. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1623. Settlement at Little Harbor. 

1627. Settlement at Dover. 

1 63 1. Settlement at Portsmouth. 

1638. Wheelwright founded Exeter. 

1641. Union with Massachusetts. 

1679. Made a royal province. 

1719. Londonderry settled. 

CONNECTICUT. 
1633. Settled at Windsor. 



1635 
1635 
1636 
1637 
1638 
1662 
1687 

1693 

1638 

1655 
1681 

1703 



Settled at Hartford. 

Settled at Saybrook by John Winthrop. 

Settled at Hartford. 

Pequod War. 

Settled at New Haven by Rev. Davenport. 

Obtained a charter. 

Andros. Charter Oak. 

Fletcher. 

DELAWARE. 
Settled at Wilmington. 
Subdued by the Dutch. 
Sold to Wm. Penn. 
Obtained a legislature of its own. 



SCHOOIv OUTLINES — HISTORY. 2"] 

RHODE ISLAND. 
1636. Settled at Providence. 

1643. Roger Williams went to England for a charter. 
1653. Williams chosen first president. 
1655. Charter confirmed. 

1663. Received a new charter. 

1687. Andros suspended the royal charter. 
1842. A constitution was adopted. 

MARYLAND. 

1634. Settled at St. Mary's. 
1635-1646. Clayborne Rebellion. 

1649. Toleration Act. 
1689. Coode's Rebellion. 

1 691. Made a royal province. 

1 7 16. Proprietor's rights restored. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1664. Settled at Elizabethtown. 

1674. Western Jersey sold to the Friends. 

1682. Eastern Jersey sold to the Friends. 

1702. Made a royal province. 

1738. Lewis Morris was appointed its first royal governor. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

1650. Settled on the Chowan River. 

1663. Albemarle County colony formed. 

1664. Clarendon County colony formed. 

1669. Grand Model. 

1713. Tuscarora Indians subdued. 

SOUTH CAROLINA, 

1670. Settled on the Ashley River. Carteret County col- 
ony formed, 

1680. Charleston founded. 

1695. Rice culture. 

1 702-1 703. Trouble with the Spaniards. 



28 SCHOOL OUTLINES — HISTORY, 

1712. North and South Carolina separated. 
1 741. Indigo culture. 

GEORGIA. 
1733. Settled at Savannah. 
Silk culture. Trouble with the Spaniards. Whitefield an 

the Wesleys. Restrictions upon the colony. 
1752. Made a royal province. 

lnter=CoIonial Wars. 

KING WIIvLIAM'S WAR. 1689-1697. 
Causes. 
Events. — Schenectady, Haverhill, Montreal, Quebec, Po 

Royal. 
Treaty was made at Ryswick. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 1701-1713. 
Causes. 

Events. — Deerfield, Montreal, Quebec, Port Royal. 
Treaty was made at Utrecht. 

KING GEORGE'S WAR. 1744-1748. 
Causes. 

lyouisburg taken. 
Treaty was made at Aix-la-Chapelle. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1 754-1 763. 
Causes. 
Events. — Fort Duquesne, Eouisburg, Crown Point and 

Ticonderoga, Niagara, Quebec. 
Peace was made at Paris. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
Causes. — Navigation Act, English treatment, laws of trade 
and manufacture, taxation without representatioH, 
Writs of Assistance, Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, 
Boston Port Bill, Boston Massacre, INIutiny Act, 
Quebec Act, Transportation Act, Townshend Acts, 
First Continental Congress. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — HISTORY. 39 

1775. April 19, Battle of Lexington. Ethan Allen's victories. 

Second Continental Congress. June 17, Battle of 

Bunker Hill. 

Expedition against Quebec by Montgomery and 

Arnold. 

1776. Evacuation of Boston. Attack on Fort Moultrie. 

July 4, Declaration of Independence. Battle of 
lyong Island. Washington's retreat. Fort Wash- 
ington and Fort Lee taken. Flight through New 
Jersey. Dec. 25, Battle of Trenton, 

1777. Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown. Burgoyne's in- 

vasion. Ft. Stanwix. Bennington. Sept. 19, 
Bemis Heights. Oct. 7, Stillwater. Oct. 17, Bur- 
goyne surrendered. 

1778. Winter at Valley Forge. Aid from France. Mon- 

mouth. Rhode Island. Wyoming massacre. 

1779. Savannah. Stony Point. General Sullivan's expedi- 

tion. Paul Jones. Privateers. 

1780. Camden. King's Mountain. Partisans. Continental 

money. Arnold's Treason. 

1 781. Cowpens. Greene's retreat. Siege of Yorktown. 
1783. Treaty was signed at Paris. 

Administrations. 

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1789-1797. 
Inaugurated April 30, 1789. 
Washington's cabinet. 

Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson. 

Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton. 

Secretary of War, General Henry Knox. 

Attorney General, Edmund Randolph. 

1791. Bank established. 

1792. Mint established. 
Indian troubles. 

1792. Invention of the cotton-gin. 



30 SCHOOIv OUTLINES — HISTORY. 

1794. Whisky rebellion. 

1795. Treaty with Spain and Algiers. 
1795- Jay's Treaty ratified by the Senate. 
Washington's farewell address. 

States admitted. — Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee. 

JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1797-1801. 

French aflfairs. 

Death of Washington, Dec. 14, 1799. 

1800. Removal of the Capital. 

X. Y. Z. Papers. Alien and Sedition Laws. 

1800. Vaccination was introduced into the United States 

by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, and was discovered 

by Dr. Jenner of England, in 1796. 
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1801-1809. 

1803. Purchase of lyouisiana. 

1804. Lewis and Clarke's exploration. 
1804. Duel between Hamilton and Burr. 
1807. Invention of the steamboat. 

1807. Chesapeake and Leopard. 
1807. Embargo act passed. 
1809. Embargo act repealed. 
War with Tripoli. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-1817. 

1811. Battle of Tippecanoe. 

1812. Hull's Surrender of Detroit. 

Battle of Queenstown Heights. 

181 3. Army of the Centre, Gen. Dearborn. Army of the 

North, Gen. Hampton. Army of the West, Gen. 

Harrison. 
York, Frenchtown, Ft. Meigs, Ft. Stephenson, Lake 

Erie, Thames, Chesapeake and Shannon. 
The British on the Atlantic coast. Creeks. 



SCHOOL OUTUNKS — HISTORY. 31 



181 4. Ivundy's Lane. Lake Champlain. 

Peace at Ghent, Dec. 24. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans. 

MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1817-1825. 

1819. Purchase of Florida. 

1820. Missouri Compromise. 

1824. Visit of Lafayette. 
Monroe Doctrine. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 1825- 

1829. 

1825. Erie Canal opened. 

1826. First temperance society. 

1828. Ground broken for the first railroad. 
The " American System." 

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1829-1837. 
Rotation of office. 
1832. Nullification. 
1832. Black Hawk War. 

1834. McCormick reaper. 

1835. Seminole War. 
United States Bank. France. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1837-1841. 
1837. Business Panic. 
1839. American express system begun. 
1839. Mormons settle at Nauvoo, 111. 

HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 

1841-1845. 
1842. Ashburton Treaty. 
1842. Dorr Rebellion. 
1842. Anti-rent troubles in New York. 
1842. Dr. Whitman's journey. 

1844. Morse's telegraph. 

1845. Annexation of Texas. 
1845. Morton's discovery. 



32 SCHOOL OUTLINES — HISTORY. 

POIvK'S ADMINISTRATION. 1845- 1849. ~ 

1846. Oregon Treaty. 
Mexican War. 

Taylor's army. — Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, 
Monterey, Buena Vista. 

Fremont and Stockton. — Conquest of California. 

Kearney's army. — Santa Fe, California. 

Scott's army. — Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo. 

Puebla, Contreras, Churubusco, Chapultepec, Mexico. 
1846. Wilmot Proviso. 
1848. Gold discovered in California. 

TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 

1849-1853. 
Compromise of 1850. Invasion of Cuba. 
Underground Railroad. Higher Law. 
Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 1853-1857. 

1853. Gadsden Purchase. 

1854. Perry's expedition to Japan. 

1854. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Border Warfare. 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1857-1861. 

1857. Business panic. 

1857. Dred Scott decision. 

1859. Discovery of silver and petroleum. 

John Brown's raid. Secession of Southern States. Ft. 
Sumter. 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 1861-1865. 

The Civil War.— Fort Sumter. Bull Run. The Trent 
Affair. Forts Henry and Donelson. New Orleans. 
Merrimac and Monitor. Antietam. Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation. Vicksburg. Chancellorsville. 
Gettysburg. Atlanta. Sherman's March to the 
Sea. Sheridan's campaign. The Alabama. Mo- 
bile Bay. Siege of Richmond. Lee's surrender. 

Assassination of Lincoln. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES— HISTORY. 33 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1865-1869. 

Disbanding of the Armies. Amnesty. Reconstruction. 
Civil Rights Bill Tenure of Office BiU. Freed- 
man's Bureau Bill. Impeachment of the Presi- 
dent. Purchase of Alaska. Atlantic Cable. 
Fenians. The French in Mexico. Thirteenth 
and fourteenth amendments. 
GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 1869-1877. 

Pacific Railroad. Fifteenth amendment. Fires. Railroad 
panic. Treaty of Washington. Indian wars. 

1876. Centennial Exhibition. 

HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 1877-1881. 
United States troops in the South withdrawn. Railroad 
strike. Fishery award. Deepening the mouth of 
the Mississippi River. 

GARFIELD AND AxR.THUR'S ADMINISTRATIONS. 

1881-1885. 

Assassination of Garfield. Civil Service Bill. Eetter post- 
age reduced. East River vSuspension Bridge. 
1884. New Orleans Exhibition. 

CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 1885- 

1889. 

Knights of Labor. Black List, Boycott. Strikes. Chica- 
go anarchists. Statue of Liberty. Presidential 
Succession Law. Electoral Count Act. Inter- 
state Commerce Act. Chinese Immigration Act. 

HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 1889-1893. . 
Opening of Oklahoma. Johnstown flood. Washington Cen- 
tennial. Pan-American Congress. Our new navy. 
McKinley Act. Pensions, 

CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 1893- 

1897, 

Panic of 1893, The World's Columbian Exposition, Gor- 



34 SCHOOL OUTLINES - HISTORY. 

man- Wilson Act. The Hawaiian Revolution. 
The Venezuelan boundar}'. 
MCKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 1897-1901. 

Dingley Tariff Bill. Gold Standard Act. 

1898. War with Spain. Causes. Fighting in the Philip- 
pines. Fighting in the West Indies. Treaty at 
Paris. Hawaiian Islands, Tutuila, Wake, Porto 
Rico, and Philippines annexed. 

Assassination of McKinley. 

ROOSEVELT'S ADMINISTRATION. 1901-190- 

Coal strike in Pennsylvania. St. Louis Fair. Panama 
Canal. 

General Topics. 

1. Discuss our territorial development. 

2. Name the successive capitals of the United States. 

. 3. Trace Washington's army from Boston to Yorktown. 

4. Name a list of American poets, prose writers, fiction 
writers, historians, artists, inventors. 

5. Give a history of the political parties. 

6. Discuss (i) the Western Reserve, the Ordinance of 
1787, Ku Klux Klan, Carpet Bagger, Credit Mobilier ; (2) 
Tender Laws, Stay Laws, Holy Alliance, Squatter Sovereign- 
ty, Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. 

7. Discuss (i) the Force Act, Merit System, Spoils 
System, Mugwumps, Forty-Niners; (2) Berlin Decree, Orders 
in Council, Milan Decree, Ostend Manifesto. 

8. Name the leading defects of the Articles of Con- 
federation. 

9. Give a short biography of (i) Benjamin Franklin, 
Robert Morris, Nathan Hale, Robert Livingston, Daniel 
Webster ; (2) Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Jefferson Davis, 
Alexander Stephens, Stephen A. Douglas ; (3) Charles Sum- 
ner, Nat Turner, Kit Carson, Captain Kidd, Oakes Ames ; (4) 
John Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, William Seward, Wil- 
liam Lloyd Garrison. 

10. State the method of appointment or election, term, 
duties, qualifications, and salary, of the President, Vice Presi- 
dent, Cabinet Officers, Senators, Representatives, Judges of 
the Supreme Court. 



Grammar. 

1. Define language, Grammar, and English Grammar. 
Name the parts into which Grammar is divided. 

2. Define Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, Prosody, 

3. Define elementary sound. Classify elementary 
sounds. 

4. Define vowel, vowel sound, consonant, consonant 
sound. 

5. Define letter, word, syllable, phrase, clause, and sen- 
tence. 

6. Words are divided according to their use into eight 
classes : Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prep- 
ositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Define and illus- 
trate. 

7. Words are divided according to their formation into 
prime words and composite words. Composite words are 
divided into derivative words and compound words. Define 
and illustrate prime word, composite word, derivative word, 
and compound word. 

8. Words are divided with regard to the number of 
syllables into four classes : monosyllables, dissyllables, trisyl- 
lables, and polysyllables. Define and illustrate. 

9. Phrases are divided according to their form into three 
classes : prepositional phrases, infinitive phrases, and particip- 
ial phrases. Define and illustrate. 

10. Phrases are divided according to their office into 
three classes : adjective phrases, adverbial phrases, and noun 
phrases. Define and illustrate. 

11. Clauses are divided according to their rank into two 
classes : principal clauses and subordinate clauses. Define 
and illustrate. 

12. Clauses are divided according to their office into 



36 SCHOOL OUTLINES — GRAMMAR. 

three classes : adjective clauses, adverbial clauses, and noun 
clauses. Define and illustrate. 

13. Sentences are classified according to their use into 
four classes : declarative, interrogative, imperative, and ex- 
clamatory sentences. Define and illustrate. 

14. Sentences are divided according to their structure 
into three classes : simple sentences, complex sentences, and 
compound sentences. Define and illustrate, 

15. Define subject, predicate, grammatical subject, gram- 
matical predicate, logical subject, logical predicate, modifier, 
analysis, synthesis. 

16. Define and illustrate common noun, proper noun, 
collective noun, abstract noun, verbal noun. 

17. Define personal pronoun, relative pronoun, interrog- 
ative pronoun, adjective pronoun. Name the personal pro- 
nouns ; the relative pronouns ; the interrogative pronouns ; 
some adjective pronouns. Compound personal pronouns are 
used (i) to denote emphasis ; (2) to denote reflexive action. 
Illustrate. 

18. Define and illustrate descriptive adjective, definitive 
adjective, participial adjective, proper adjective, pronominal 
adjective, numeral adjective, cardinal adjective, ordinal adjec- 
tive, and multiplicative adjective. 

19. Verbs are classified according to their fi^rm into 
regular verbs and irregular verbs ; according to their use, into 
transitive verbs and intransitive verbs. Define and illustrate. 

20. Name a verb expressing action ; being ; state of 
being. 

21. Define and illustrate finite verb, non-finite verb, 
active verb, neuter verb, copulative verb, defective verb, 
redundant verb, notional verb, auxiliary verb, personal verb, 
impersonal verb. 

22. Define and illustrate adverbs of time, place, manner, 
degree, cause, number, assertion and denial. 

23. Illustrate the use of an adverb as a modifier of a 
verb ; of an adjective ; of an adverb. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — GRAMMAR. ^'] 

24. Classify conjunctions. Define and illustrate. Illus- 
trate conjunctions used to connect words ; to connect phrases; 
to connect clauses. 

25. Define part of speech, inflection, declension, com- 
parison, conjugation, synopsis, attribute complement, object 
complement, objective complement. 

26. Define person, first person, second person, third per- 
son. Use Mary in the three persons. 

27. Define number, singular number, plural number. 
How is the plural of nouns regularly formed ? State the rule 
for forming the plural of nouns ending in y. 

28. Define gender, masculine gender, feminine gender, 
neuter gender, common gender. In what three ways are the 
sexes distinguished ? 

29. Define case, nominative case, possessive case, objec- 
tive case. Use horse independently by pleonasm ; by direct 
address ; by exclamation. Use horse absolutely. Use teacher 
as an explanatory modifier in each of the three cases. Use 
cent as a direct object ; as an indirect object ; as a noun used 
adverbially. 

30. Define voice; active voice, passive voice. 

31. Define tense. Classify and define the tenses. Ten- 
ses are expressed in three forms : the common form, the em- 
phatic form, and the progressive form. Illustrate. 

32. Define mode. Classify and define the modes. What 
auxiliary verbs help to form the potential mode ? What 
conjunctions generally introduce verbs in the subjunctive 
mode ? 

33. Define infinitives. Classify them. Illustrate their 
offices. 

34. Define participles. Classify them. Illustrate their 
offices. 

35. The active verbs bid^ dare^ f^^l-, hear^ let^ make^ 
need^ see^ behold^ observe^ generally do not require the prepo- 
sition to before an infinitive following them. Illustrate. 
The infinitive following the auxiliaries may^ can^ must^ shall^ 
and will^ is not preceded by to. 



38 SCHOOI. OUTLINES — GRAMMAR. 

36. Indirect objects and nouns denoting time, measure, 
value, weight, distance, and direction, may be used adverbial- 
ly. Illustrate, 

■^•j. Study carefully (i) forms of number ; (2) forms of 
gender; (3) comparison; (4) principal parts; (5) conjugation. 

38. Use the following words in sentences as directed : 
Below as an adjective ; an adverb ; a preposition ; a 

noun. 

After as a conjunctive adverb ; a preposition ; an 
adverb. 

But as a preposition ; a relative pronoun ; an adjective ; 
an adverb ; a conjunction. 

Far as an adjective ; an adverb ; a noun. 

That as a relative pronoun ; as an adjective pronoun ; 
as an adjective ; as a conjunction. 

Which as a relative pronoun ; as an interrogative pro- 
noun ; as an adjective. 

39. It and there are frequently used as expletives. Il- 
lustrate. 

40. Conjugate (i) the verb teach in the active voice ; (2) 
the verb love in the passive voice. 

41. Conjugate (i) the verb see in the active voice, indic- 
ative mode, common form ; (2) the verb teach in the active 
voice, indicative mode, emphatic form ; (3) the verb love in 
the active voice, indicative mode, progiessive form. 

42. Write a synopsis of the verb «s^^ in the first person, 
singular number, active voice; (2) in the second person, 
plural number, passive voice. 

43. Study rules of syntax, 

44. State capital letter rules. Illustrate. How are 
capital letters indicated in writing ? 

45. State rules for the use of the period, interrogation 
point, exclamation point (terminal points). Illustrate. 

46. State rules for the use of the comma, semicolon, 
colon, dash, parenthesis. Illustrate. 

47; State rules for the use of italics. Illustrate. How 
indicated in writing ? 



Civics. 

DEFINITIONS. 

1. A preamble is an introductory clause in a constitu- 
tion or other instrument, declaring the reason or intent of 
what follows. 

2. A constitution is a statement of the principles or 
fundamental laws that govern a state or organized body of 
men. 

3. Congress is a term applied to our national legislative 
body, which consists of two Houses, the Senate and the 
House of Representatives. 

4. A Congress is the body of Senators and Representa- 
tives for one representative term of two years. 

5. A tax is a sum of money assessed for public pur- 
poses. 

6. A direct tax is levied directly upon a person, either 
as a poll-tax or as a property tax. 

7. An indirect tax is obtained from imports, exports, 
manufactures, and licenses. 

8. A duty is a tax on imports and exports. In our 
country it usually means a tax on imports. 

9. An impost is a duty on imports. 

10. An excise is a sum of money assessed on articles 
manufactured and used in our country. 

11. An impeachment is a formal accusation for official 
misconduct. Only executive and judicial civil officers can be 
impeached. 

12. Civil officers are public officers excluding those of 
the army and navy. 

13. Military officers are the officers of the army and 
navy. 

14. A breach of the peace is a violation of public order 



40 SCHOOL OUTLINES — CIVICS. 

15. Naturalization is the process by which an alien be- 
comes a citizen. 

16. Aliens are foreigners. 

17. Citizens are persons born or naturalized in the 
United States. 

18. Piracy is robbery on the high seas. 

19. High seas are the unenclosed waters of the sea be- 
yond low-water mark. 

20. Felony denotes an offense of great enormity, as 
treason, murder, robbery. 

21. Letters of marque are licenses to make reprisals. 

22. A reprisal is a seizure from an enemy by way of re- 
taliation or indemnity. 

33. Treason against the United States shall consist in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort. 

24. A bill of attainder is a law which inflicts upon a 
person the punishment of corruption of blood, and condemns 
him to death, without trial by jury. 

25. By corruption of blood a person is disabled to in- 
herit property, nor can he retain any, nor transmit it to his 
heirs. 

26. All the male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45 
years, excepting those exempted by law, constitute the 
militia. 

27. The National Guard constitutes that part of the 
militia that is organized, drilled, and under arms. 

38. An expost fact law makes an act criminal which 
was not so when committed, or which increases the punish- 
ment of a crime after it has been committed. 

29. A writ of habeas corpus is a writing from some 
court to produce the body of a prisoner, who, it is alleged, is 
illegally confined. 

30. A fort is an enclosed structure for purposes of 
defense. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES— CIVICS. 4 1 

31. A magazine is a building where powder and other 
military stores are kept. 

32. An arsenal is a place where arms and munitions of 
war are manufactured and stored. 

33. A dockyard is a place where ships are built and 
repaired. 

34. A port of entry is a place designated by the laws of 
Congress for the entry of vessels for the purpose of executing 
the revenue laws. 

35. A clearance is a certificate that a vessel has complied 
with the law. 

36. An entry is the presentation of this certificate at the 
port at which the vessel arrives. 

37. A registry is an official record setting forth the ves- 
sel's name, description, tonnage, etc. 

38. The tonnage of a vessel is its internal cubic capacity 
expressed in tons. 

39. Inspection laws are enacted for the inspection of 
flour, meat, leather, etc., to ascertain their quality and 
quantity. 

40. Legal tender is that with which a debt may be paid 
by law. 

41. A pardon is a remission of a crime or penalty. Par- 
dons are granted by a pardon board, and are signed by the 
President, or Governor of a state. 

42. A reprieve is a suspension for a certain time of the 
execution of the sentence of death. 

43. An amnesty is a general pardon. 

44. A commutation is a reduction of a penalty. 

45. A requisition is a demand made by the governor of 
one state on another for the surrender of a fugitive criminal. 

46. Admiralty jurisdiction pertains to war vessels and 
warlike operations on the water. 

47. Maritime jurisdiction pertains to vessels engaged in 
commerce. 

48. By original jurisdiction is meant the jurisdiction of 
the court in which the case begins. 



42 SCHOOL OUTLINES — CIVICS. 

49. By appellate jurisdiction is meant the jurisdiction of 
a court that tries a case after an appeal from a lower court. 

50. Civil cases arise between private parties for debt or 
injury. 

51. Criminal cases are those in which the State seeks to 
punish some one for a violation of the criminal law. 

52. The plaintiff is the one suing. 

53. The defendant is the one sued. 

54. By municipal law is meant the laws of a govern- 
ment as distinguished from international law. 

55. International law regulates the intercourse of civi- 
lized nations with each other. 

56. The political law is the constitution. 

57. Statutes are the laws enacted by state legislatures. 

58. Ordinances are the laws enacted by cities and bor- 
oughs. 

59. A majority means more than one half the number 
of votes cast. 

60. A person is elected by plurality when he has a 
higher number of votes than any other, though such number 
be less than a majority. 

61. An elector is a voter. 

62. A quorum is such a number of persons in an organ- 
ized body as are required for the legal transaction of business. 

63. A bureau is a department in which a particular 
branch of the public business is transacted. 

64. A deputy is a person authorized to assist an ofHcer in 
the duties of his office, or to act for him in his absence. 

65. Define (i) affirmation, administrator, census, bond, 
bailiwick; (2) caucus, corporation, charter, warrant, summons; 
(3) subpoena, tie, veto, suffrage, proxy; (4) protempore, regis- 
tration, patent, copyright, misdemeanor; (5) minor, major, 
libel, perjury, impanel; (6) incumbrance, indictment, frank, 
franchise, executor; (7) eminent domain, dower, defaulter, 
delegate, convention; (8) docket, presentment, capitation, in- 
vasion, insurrection. 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — CIVICS. 43 

IMPORTANT FACTS. 

Pennsylvania was ruled by William Penn from 1682 to 
1693, under the Crown of England from 1693 to 1694, under 
William Penn from 1694 to 17 18, under Penn's heirs from 
1718 to 1776, and under a constitution since 1776. 

The successive constitutions of our State were adopted 
in 1776, 1790, 1838, and 1873. 

A township of the first class is one having a population 
of 300 or more to the square mile. All others are called 
townships of the second class. 

Cities of the first class have a population of 1,000,000 or 
more; cities of the second class, from 100,000 to 1,000,000; 
cities of the third class, from 10,000 to 100,000. 

Postmasters of the first class receive an annual salary of 
^3000 and upward; of the second class, from $2000 to $3000; 
of the third class, from $1000 to $2000; of the fourth class, 
less than $1000. Postmasters of the first, second, and third 
classes are appointed by the President and confirmed by the 
Senate; those of the fourth class are appointed by the Post- 
master-General. 

A copyright is granted for a 8 years, with the privilege 
of extending it for 14 years. 

A patent is granted for a period of 17 years. 

The Senate of Pennsylvania has fifty members, and the 
House of Representatives, about two hundred members. 
Senators and representatives receive ^1500 for a regular ses- 
sion, and $500 for a special session, and stationery and mile- 
age. 

The United States Senate has ninety members, and the 
House of Representatives, three hundred and eighty-six mem- 
bers. Both receive $5000 annually, besides, stationery and 
mileage. 

Pennsylvania has thirty-two United States representa- 
tives. 

There is one representative to every 196,941 people. 

There are 476 Presidential electors. 

The National, State, and county officers are elected on 
the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November; the 



44 



SCHOOI. OUTLINES — CIVICS. 



city, borough, and township officers are elected on the third 
Tuesday in February. 

Congress convenes the first Monday in December. 

The Presidential electors meet on the second Monday in 
January. 

The electoral votes are counted on the second Wednes- 
day in February. 

The President receives ^50,000 a year ; the Vice-Presi- 
dent, $8,000 a year ; the Governor of Pennsylvania, $10,000 
a year. 



f Supreme Court. 



U. S. Courts. -{ 



Courts. -I 



[ Inferior Courts 
f Supreme court. 



State Courts. „ . 

(Penna.) ] Superior court 



f 9 Circuit courts. 

I 64 District courts. 

I Appellate court. 

I Court of claims. 

I Territorial courts. 

I Court of the District of 

I Columbia. 

1. Consular courts. 

f C o m m o n 
I pleas. 
I Oyer and 
56 District or county courts. -{ terminer. 

Quarter 
sessions. 
Orphans'. 



QUERIES. 

1. When were the articles of confederation adopted ? 
What were the leading defects ? 

2. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted ? 
Recite the preamble. Name some of the most important 
clauses. 

3. Recite the preamble of the Constitution of Pennsyl- 
vania. Give the substance of the most important sections of 
the Declaration of Rights (Article i). When were the suc- 
cessive constitutions adopted ? 

4. Recite the preamble of the Constitution of the 
United States. > 



SCHOOL OUTLINES — CIVICS. 45 

5. What are the qualifications necessary for a represen- 
tative ? How are vacancies in the House filled ? Give man- 
ner of election, term, and salary, 

6. What are the qualifications of senators ? How are 
vacancies filled ? State manner of election, term, and salary. 

7. What is said with regard to keeping and publishing 
a journal ? 

8. What special privileges do members of Congress 
have ? 

9. How can a bill become a law ? 

10. Enumerate the powers granted to Congress. 

11. Explain the process of naturalization. 

12 Classify postmasters. How are they appointed? 

13. What powers are denied to Congress? To the 
States ? 

14. How are the President and Vice-president elected? 

15. State qualification, term, and salary of each. 

16. Repeat the President's oath of office. 

17. What are the duties and powers of the President? 

18. Classify United States courts ; state courts ; courts 
of the county. Define their jurisdiction. 

19. Define treason. What proof is required ? 

20. State the method of admitting states. 

21. By what two methods may amendments to the Con- 
stitution be proposed ? By what two methods may they be 
ratified ? 

22. State important provisions made by the Bill of 
Rights. 

23. When were the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth 
amendments adopted ? State their provisions. 

24. How can a borough be formed? A city? Name 
their offices. Define their duties. Classify cities. 

25. Name the township offices. Define their duties. 

26. Name the county offices. Define their duties. 
' 27. Classify the state offices. Define their duties. 

28. Name the cabinet offices. (The key to their names 
is Si. Wapniac.) Define their duties. 



Algebra. 



Define and illustrate the following : (i) quantity, 
mathematics, algebra, algebraic quantity, terms of an alge- 
braic quantity ; (2) positive term, negative term, factor, co- 
efficient, power ; (3) exponent, radical sign, sign of equality, 
sign of inequality, sign of deduction ; (4) sign of aggregation, 
monomial, polynomial, binomial, trinomial ; (5) residual, 
similar terms, dissimilar terms, homogeneous quantity, 
equation ; (6) degree of an equation, members of an equation, 
numerical equation, literal equation, root of an equation ; (7) 
index of a root, simultaneous equations, independent equa- 
tions, axiom, elimination ; (8) radical, surd, root, rational root, 
degree of a radical ; (9) quadratic surd, binomial surd, power, 
involution, evolution ; (10) imaginary quantity, quadratic 
equation, pure quadratic, affected quadratic. 



>tr ^/ '^'^^ 



iiS,'!},^^ Of" CONGRESS 




019 841 386 




